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Diplomacy, peace and wider war, 1973 to 83
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After 1973, diplomacy brought peace between Egypt and Israel. But war in Lebanon showed the conflict was far from over.
Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy
US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger travelled back and forth between capitals (shuttle diplomacy, 1973 to 75) to arrange disengagement agreements between Israel, Egypt and Syria.
Camp David
Egypt's President Sadat visited Jerusalem in 1977.
At Camp David (1978), US President Carter brought Sadat and Israel's Prime Minister Begin together.
The Camp David Agreements led to a peace treaty (1979): Israel returned Sinai, and Egypt recognised Israel.
Many Arab states condemned Egypt; Sadat was assassinated in 1981.
At Camp David (1978), US President Carter brought Sadat and Israel's Prime Minister Begin together.
The Camp David Agreements led to a peace treaty (1979): Israel returned Sinai, and Egypt recognised Israel.
Many Arab states condemned Egypt; Sadat was assassinated in 1981.
Lebanon, 1982 to 83
The PLO used southern Lebanon as a base.
In 1982 Israel invaded Lebanon and besieged Beirut; the PLO was forced to leave for Tunisia.
Massacres of Palestinian refugees by Lebanese militia allied to Israel (Sabra and Shatila) caused international outrage.
Western peacekeepers were attacked, and Lebanon remained in turmoil.
In 1982 Israel invaded Lebanon and besieged Beirut; the PLO was forced to leave for Tunisia.
Massacres of Palestinian refugees by Lebanese militia allied to Israel (Sabra and Shatila) caused international outrage.
Western peacekeepers were attacked, and Lebanon remained in turmoil.
Why were the Camp David Agreements important?
- Egypt became the first Arab state to recognise Israel.
- Israel returned Sinai in exchange for peace.
- It removed the strongest Arab army from the conflict with Israel.
Answer: They made peace between Egypt and Israel, ending wars between them.
Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy (1973 to 75). Sadat visited Jerusalem (1977); Camp David (1978), with Carter, Sadat and Begin, led to the 1979 Egypt-Israel peace treaty. Israel invaded Lebanon (1982), forcing out the PLO; violence continued.
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