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Changes in opportunity and culture, 1986 to 2010
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From the late 1980s, campaigns challenged discrimination in institutions, and the law moved towards a single framework for equality.
Race and institutions
Black teenager Stephen Lawrence was murdered in a racist attack in 1993. The police investigation failed.
The Macpherson Report (1999) found the Metropolitan Police guilty of institutional racism, leading to reforms.
Campaign groups such as the National Council for Civil Liberties (now Liberty) pressed for rights.
The Macpherson Report (1999) found the Metropolitan Police guilty of institutional racism, leading to reforms.
Campaign groups such as the National Council for Civil Liberties (now Liberty) pressed for rights.
Sexuality and gender
Section 28 (1988) banned local councils from 'promoting' homosexuality; it was repealed in 2000 in Scotland and 2003 in England and Wales.
Groups such as the LGBT Foundation campaigned for equality.
Third-wave feminism challenged sexism in culture and the workplace.
Groups such as the LGBT Foundation campaigned for equality.
Third-wave feminism challenged sexism in culture and the workplace.
Disability and the Equality Act
The British Council of Organisations of Disabled People campaigned for rights, not charity.
The Disability Discrimination Act (1995) made discrimination against disabled people unlawful.
Concern about religious intolerance and social and economic inequality continued.
The Equality Act (2010) brought together earlier laws into one framework protecting against discrimination.
The Disability Discrimination Act (1995) made discrimination against disabled people unlawful.
Concern about religious intolerance and social and economic inequality continued.
The Equality Act (2010) brought together earlier laws into one framework protecting against discrimination.
Why was the Macpherson Report (1999) a landmark?
- It investigated the failed police inquiry into Stephen Lawrence's murder.
- It found the Metropolitan Police institutionally racist.
- This led to reforms in policing and race relations law.
Answer: It officially recognised institutional racism and led to reforms.
Stephen Lawrence's murder (1993) and the Macpherson Report (1999) on institutional racism. Section 28 (1988), later repealed. Third-wave feminism; LGBT and disability campaigns; the Disability Discrimination Act (1995). The Equality Act (2010) united equality laws.
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