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Edward I, Wales and Scotland
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Edward I wanted to rule the whole of Britain. He conquered Wales, but Scotland fought back and kept its independence.
The conquest of Wales
Welsh princes ruled much of Wales. Llywelyn ap Gruffudd was recognised as Prince of Wales in 1267.
Edward I invaded in 1277 and again in 1282. Llywelyn was killed in December 1282.
Edward built a ring of huge stone castles, such as Conwy, Caernarfon and Harlech, to control the Welsh. In 1301 his son became the first English Prince of Wales.
Edward I invaded in 1277 and again in 1282. Llywelyn was killed in December 1282.
Edward built a ring of huge stone castles, such as Conwy, Caernarfon and Harlech, to control the Welsh. In 1301 his son became the first English Prince of Wales.
Scotland fights back
In the 1290s Edward tried to take control of Scotland.
William Wallace and Andrew Moray beat the English at Stirling Bridge in 1297. Edward defeated Wallace at Falkirk in 1298, and Wallace was executed in 1305.
Robert the Bruce was crowned King of Scots in 1306.
William Wallace and Andrew Moray beat the English at Stirling Bridge in 1297. Edward defeated Wallace at Falkirk in 1298, and Wallace was executed in 1305.
Robert the Bruce was crowned King of Scots in 1306.
Bannockburn, 1314
Edward I died in 1307. In June 1314 Robert the Bruce defeated a much larger English army led by Edward II at Bannockburn.
Scotland stayed independent. England recognised this in a treaty in 1328.
Scotland and England would not be joined under one monarch until 1603.
Scotland stayed independent. England recognised this in a treaty in 1328.
Scotland and England would not be joined under one monarch until 1603.
Why did Edward I build so many castles in Wales?
- They housed soldiers who could stop Welsh rebellions.
- Many were on the coast, so they could be supplied by sea.
- Their size showed that English rule was here to stay.
Answer: To control the conquered land, keep soldiers supplied and show English power.
Edward I conquered Wales (Llywelyn killed 1282) and built castles like Conwy, Caernarfon and Harlech. In Scotland, Wallace won at Stirling Bridge (1297) and Robert the Bruce won at Bannockburn (1314), keeping Scotland independent.
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