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Involvements overseas, 1189 to 1204
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Richard I won fame on crusade but never took Jerusalem. His capture cost England a huge ransom, and John later lost Normandy.
Crusading and the Third Crusade
A crusade was a holy war approved by the Pope. Crusaders hoped for forgiveness of sins, glory and land.
Saladin captured Jerusalem in 1187, which caused the Third Crusade.
Richard took Acre in 1191 and defeated Saladin at Arsuf later that year. He quarrelled with Philip II of France, who went home.
Richard came close to Jerusalem but turned back, fearing he could not hold it. A truce in 1192 let Christian pilgrims visit.
Saladin captured Jerusalem in 1187, which caused the Third Crusade.
Richard took Acre in 1191 and defeated Saladin at Arsuf later that year. He quarrelled with Philip II of France, who went home.
Richard came close to Jerusalem but turned back, fearing he could not hold it. A truce in 1192 let Christian pilgrims visit.
Capture and ransom
Returning home in 1192, Richard was captured by Leopold of Austria and handed to the Holy Roman Emperor.
The ransom was 150,000 marks. England paid with heavy taxes, including a quarter of people's income and moveable goods. Richard was freed in 1194.
The ransom was 150,000 marks. England paid with heavy taxes, including a quarter of people's income and moveable goods. Richard was freed in 1194.
The loss of Normandy
Philip II wanted to take Normandy. Richard built Chateau Gaillard (1196 to 98) to defend it at great cost.
Richard died in 1199. John lost support, and Chateau Gaillard fell to Philip in 1204. Normandy was lost the same year.
Richard died in 1199. John lost support, and Chateau Gaillard fell to Philip in 1204. Normandy was lost the same year.
Explain why Richard did not recapture Jerusalem.
- His army was weakened by disease and losses.
- Philip II had gone home, so he had fewer troops.
- Even if he took Jerusalem, he could not hold it once the crusaders left.
- He made a truce instead in 1192.
Answer: A weakened army, lack of allies and the problem of holding the city.
Saladin took Jerusalem 1187. Richard: Acre and Arsuf 1191, quarrel with Philip II, no Jerusalem, truce 1192. Captured 1192, ransom 150,000 marks, freed 1194. Chateau Gaillard fell 1204; Normandy lost.
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