Design and architecture

William Morris (English, 1834 to 1896) led the Arts and Crafts movement. He valued handmade craft and designed wallpapers and textiles with patterns from nature, such as Strawberry Thief (1883).
The Bauhaus was a German school of art and design founded by Walter Gropius in 1919. It brought art, craft and industry together, with simple, functional designs. It closed in 1933 under pressure from the Nazis. Anni Albers studied and worked in its weaving workshop.
The American architect Louis Sullivan wrote that 'form ever follows function': a design's shape should come from its purpose.

Antoni Gaudí (Spanish, 1852 to 1926) designed flowing, colourful buildings in Barcelona, such as Casa Batlló and Park Güell, inspired by natural forms.
Charles Rennie Mackintosh (Scottish, 1868 to 1928) designed the Glasgow School of Art building.
Zaha Hadid (Iraqi-British, 1950 to 2016) designed dramatic curving buildings such as the London Aquatics Centre for the 2012 Olympics. In 2004 she became the first woman to win the Pritzker Architecture Prize.
Classical architecture uses three main column styles from ancient Greece: Doric (plain), Ionic (with scrolls) and Corinthian (with carved leaves).

Harry Beck designed the London Underground map, first published in 1933. It used straight lines and ignored real distances so it was easy to read.
Margaret Calvert and Jock Kinneir designed the road signs used across the UK from the late 1950s and 1960s.
The design process: read the brief (what is needed and for whom), research, generate ideas, develop and test them, make a final design, then evaluate it against the brief.